A Little Cloud Essay Example for Free

A Little Cloud EssayA Little Cloud is one of the stories in James Joyces Dubliners. The story is ab aside Thomas Chandler who was reunited with his friend Ignatius Gallaher. He was non able to fulfill his ambition of becoming a writer because he became a family man. With a wife and a son of his own, he envied his friend and felt inferior rather than be skilful for his friends success. His career could be greater than his friends yet he gave up his love for poetry since he got married. Feeling dismayed and envious of his friend, Chandler thought that he could have produced his own book of poems if he pursued his poetry writing. Chandler and Gallaher met up at a bar where they talked about the struggles of the latter to succeed. Chandler admired Gallahers gruff manners and his tales from the foreign cities. He insisted that his friend should also be married like him someday. However, Gallaher refused because as bachelor, he can go on and move freely from one place to anformer(a ) with mistresses near him.When Chandler got home, he began contemplating on his life while looking at his wifes picture and place their son. Afterward, he questioned his married life. He knew that he could go out of Dublin like his friend and be successful if only he did not marry early and settle with a family of his own. He didnt realize that his child was already crying until her wife returned home who. When she saw that the baby was crying, she snatched the baby forward from him, leaving him frustrated as he blamed his thoughts for what happened.Another story from the Dubliners is Counterparts. The story is about Farrington, a copy clerk in one firm where he used to copy legal documents for Mr. Alleyne. oneness day, he failed to do his job and missed to produce one copy of an important document. This made his foreman angry and gave him a deadline to submit the document before the closing time. However, he was looking forward for a night out alcohol addiction with his fri ends later. This distraction caused him to daydream about the happenings later instead of working properly.As a result, he failed to complete to copy the documents his boss asked of him. Farrington thought that Mr. Alleyne will not know that the documents were incomplete, but he was wrong. When Mr. Alleyne found out about it, he went to Farringtons desk with Miss Delacour, their client. His boss started ridiculing him but he fought back, claiming ignorance while insulting his boss with witty remarks. This amused Miss Delacour and his co-workers. Afterward, he left the office without completing his tasks.He decided to pawn his pocket watch in order to have money for imbibition with his friends. He met his friends and told them how he insulted his boss. Upon leaving the pub, they decided to transfer to another place where they continued drinking. Farrington got frustrated because of the commodious amount of money being spent on drinking. He wanted to impress other peck and went on an arm wrestling. Much to his dismay, he lost. Feeling dejected, he went home only to find out his wife was not there and there was no food to eat.This made him very angry which caused him to worry up his son. The characters of Chandler and Farrington both experienced frustration and depression. To ease themselves of their disappointments in life, they drank with their friends. alternatively of working hard to shape their downfalls, they stuck to their old (or unpleasant, as in the case of Farrington) ways. Although Chandler dreamed of becoming a successful writer, he was not determined to pursue it. In the case of Farrington, the short-lived joys of life made him forget his responsibilities at work.Instead of saving himself from poverty, he pawned his watch to get money for beer. To release their frustration, they placed the blame on others. both characters displayed negligence, particularly as a father. Chandler was too preoccupied with his thoughts that he forgot that his baby needed his attention. Farrington, on the other hand, was so upset that he ended up beating his own son. I think their style was really unpleasant because as a man, they should stand up for the decisions they made, instead of easing their frustrations by drinking and placing the blame on others.

Development of attribution theory

Development of attribution theoryThe Attribution Theory was developed by Fritz Heider, it looks at how people stool sense of their world, and how they interpret events and relate them to their mentation and conduct. The Attribution Theory divides the demeanour attributes into familiarityable and external work outs, internal attribution is an attribution that is do by looking at a psyches characteristics, such as intelligence or psycheality, on the other hand external attribution is an attribution that is made when looking at factors outside the psyches control, such as bad luck or peer pressure. Psychologists get under atomic number 53s skin raise from research that people are often biased in their ways of thinking and judgment when deciding who or what is the reasonableness of an event or action. External factors are attributed when others are in(predicate) in their goals and we are non, but internal factors are attributed when we are successful in our goals and o thers fail (Heider, 1958).The same inference theory describes that an attribution is made when a judgement made by one soulfulness on a nonher persons deportment, which has been caused by a particular trait. This suggests that we believe that a persons behaviour is intentional and later identifying this we try to look for a personal characteristic which may have caused this behaviour (Manstead, Hewstone, 1996).According to the synonymic inference theory we can make a similar inference based on 2 major factors, the world-class is when we perceive that the person freely chose the behaviour, and the second is when we perceive that the person mean to do whatever he or she did. An example of correspondent inference is if we see somebody beating someone else up, we will assume that they are going this deliberately, not because they are pretending and that they are a violent person by nature. An internal attribution is uniformly to be made if we think that the behaviour was fr eely chosen, intended and low in social desirability, an external attribution is more likely to be made if we believe that the behaviour was not freely chosen, unintended and socially desirable, we usually over rate internal attributions and under rate the role of external attributions.The covariation theory believes that people decide that the most likely cause of any behaviour is the factor that occurs as the time as the behaviour. The covariation theory focuses on external attributions in contrast to the correspondent inference theory which focuses on the process of making internal attributions and the factors beyond the person that may be causing the behaviour. According to the covariation theory, to make an attribution 3 pieces of information are needed. The first is consensus information, which informs us of whether other people have had a similar or different reaction when in the same situation. A situational attribution is made if there is a high consensus, which would indic ate that others has a similar behavioural reaction, a person attribution is made if there is a low consensus, which would indicate that others had a different behavioural response. The second piece of information needed is distinctiveness information, which describes the situation in which behaviour occurred, and determines whether or not the situation is unique or distinctive which may have caused the behaviour (Bordens Horowitz, 2002). A person attribution is made if the person acts this way in other situations as well as in this particular situation, however if the person does act differently in this situation compared to other situations therefore a situational attribution is made, and we assume that the behaviour was most likely caused by the situation that the person was in and not by the person themselves. The last piece of information needed is consistency information, which informs us of whether the person has acted this way before or if this is a one-time behaviour. One of the limitations of the covariation theory is that it fails to distinguish between the intentional and unwilled behaviour of a person (Hayes, 2002).Jurors often make internal and external attributions of the defendant and of the victim when declaring their verdicts in spite of appearance the courtroom. In one study researchers found that the jurywomans verdicts or suspicions of whether or not the defendant was guilty were not temptd by whether the defendant was incapacitate or not. Those jurors who did think that the defendant was guilty were less likely to hustle the defendant if they were described as disabled rather than non-disabled. This tendency occurred because the jurors made fewer internal attributions for the disabled juveniles actions (Najdowski, Bottoms, Vargas Cummens, 2009).One movement study investigated the trials in which the defendant was charged with a firearms related offence, it was found that if the charge had intended to use the firearm then they we re found guilty by the jurors. This case study shows supports for the correspondent inference theory as the defendant chose and freely intended to use the firearms (Tinsley, 2001).In a spud called 12 waste custody, a young boy is put on trial for the murder of this father, the bulk of jurors decide that the boy is guilty. One juror, played by Lee J. Cobb makes internal attributions of the boys behaviour based on the fact that he is from the slums, and believes that the boy must have no respect or sense of morals because of where he is from (Lumet, 1957). A criticism of the correspondent inference theory is that is does not account for fundamental attribution error, which is a term used when people intensify the importance of explanations linked to a persons personality and bowdlerise the importance of explanations linked to the situation which occurred to explain a persons behaviour (Heffner, 2001). In the film 12 Angry Men, evidence used against the boy includes when he is hea rd shouting at this father Ill bug out ya before leaving the house, as the film continues, jurors begin to argue among themselves and Lee J. Cobb is insulted, to which he replies Ill eradicate ya in anger. This is a good example of fundamental attribution error as Lee J. Cobb was irascible in the situation and does not actually mean he is going to kill the other juror. In addition to this another pointed out that if the boy went back to retrieve the knife he must have been guilty and was trying to cover up the evidence, which suggests that if he did kill his father then he intended to do so.It seems that a defendants characteristics have a strong influence on jurors decision making, Dowdle, Gillen and Miller (1974) conclude that significant leniency is applied to defendants who are attributed with positive characteristics by jurors, compared to those who are attributed with negative characteristics (Decaire, 1999).When the juror is provided with front convictions of the defenda nt in trial, this can provide them with extra information as well as influence their decision. In one study, researchers investigated the effects of the defendants prior record on mock jurors judgements and found highest conviction range would occur when the defendant had a prior sentence which was the identical to the charge they were presently being prosecuted for, and lowest conviction rates if the defendant had no past convictions (Wissler Saks, 1985). This shows support for the consistency element of the covariation theory, as old convictions of the same present charge provide jurors which an attribution that this person has behaved this way before and is repeating this behaviour despite being convicted. Padawar-Singer and Barton (1974) found that there was a 50% more chance that jurors decided the defendant was guilty if they were aware of the defendants past criminal record, compared to if they did not have this information (Brewer, 2002). In support of this, one study f ound that mock jurors were more likely to convict the defendant when they had evidence of a prior conviction than when they had no evidence (Greene Dodge, 1995).It may argued that jurors should make their decisions based on the evidence available and not on information about the defendants past convictions because people do change and just because a person was convicted once does not mean that this should be used against them for their entire life. However in one case study it was found that Simon Berowitz was cleared of burglary at a solicitors office without the jury knowing that he had 230 foregoing convictions for burglary. In this instance jurors should have been provided with the information of Berowitzs previous convictions as the consistency of his actions would have allowed jurors to make a more informed decision, but as the jurors were not provided with the defendants previous convictions they may have made a situational attribution using distinctive information, believi ng that Berowitz had never been charged for burglary before (Brewer, 2002). In the film 12 Angry Men, the juror played by Jack Klugman was portrayed as a man who, like the boy, was from the slums, initially he seems unsure whether the boy is guilty or not but goes along with the volume verdict because of pressure (Lumet, 1957). This is an example of situational attribution using consensus information, as described by the covariation theory, as the juror is looking at the decisions made by others and then makes his own.Not all research has found that jurors make internal or external attributions about the defendant when making decisions. In one study, a field was performed and it was found by researchers that one of the most influential factors impart to jury making decision was the cognition jurors had of the law as well as the instructions and information about the case (Kakar, 2002).Other factors may also affect jurors decision making such as the ages of the jurors, in one cour t case, researchers found a difference in length of sentence and the amount of responsibility attributed to the parent between undergraduate mock jurors and high school mock jurors (Ackerman, McMahon Fehr, 1984).Racial leniency is also another contributing factor found in many jury studies, Sommers Ellsworth (2000) and Ugweugbu (1976) both found that the jurors decisions were influenced when the juror was of the same race as the victim or defendant. People make internal and external attributions on a day-to-day cornerstone trying to find an explanation as to why people behave in a legitimate way and although many studies have found that jurors use the information of intent of the defendant, past convictions and the behaviour and verdicts of their consort jurors to help them making a decision, there have also been other studies which show other contributing factors which should be taken into account, such the age, race, gender of the juror and the defendant as well the amount of knowledge the juror has about the law.ReferencesHeider, F. (1958). The Psychology of Interpersonal Relations. John Wiley SonsManstead, A.S.R and Hewstone, M. (1996). Attribution Theories. The Blackwall Encyclopaedia of neighborly Psychology, pg 67. Wiley-Blackwall.Bordens, K. S and Horowitz, I.A. (2002). Social Psychology (2nd Ed). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Hayes, N. (2002). Foundations of Psychology (3rd Ed). Thomson Learning.Heffner, C.L. (2001). Psychology 101. Chapter 8 Social Psychology. Retrieved January 3, 2010, from http//www.allpsych.com/psychology101/attribution_attraction.htmlNajdowski, C.J., Bottoms, B.L., Vargas, M.C. Cummens, M.L. (2009). All Academic Research. Understanding Jurors Perceptions of Juvenile Defendants, cause of Intellectual Disability and Confession Evidence. Retrieved January 3, 2010 from http//allacademic.com/meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/2/9/5/7/8/p295784_index.htmlTinsley, Y. (2001). Jury finis Making A Look Inside The Jury Room. British S ociety of Criminology, Vol. 4.Lumet, S. (Director) Fonda, H. Rose, R. (Producers). (1957). 12 Angry Men (Film) USA MGM.Kakar, S. (2002). An analysis of the relationship between jurors personal attributes and decision making. Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology, Vol. 17 (2) pp 45-53.Ackerman, A.D., McMahon, P.M. Fehr, L.A. (1984). Defendant characteristics and judgment behaviours of adolescent mock jurors. Journal of Youth and Adolescents, Vol. 13 (2), pp 123-130.Wissler, R.L Saks, M.J. (1985). On the Inefficacy of contain Instructions When Jurors use Prior Conviction Evidence to Decide on Guilt. Law and forgiving conduct, Vol. 19 (1) pp. 37-48.Brewer, K. (2000). Psychology and Crime. Heinemann.Greene, E. Dodge, M. (1995). The Influence of Prior Record Evidence on Juror Decision Making. Law and Human Behaviour, Vol. 19 (1) pg 67.Ugwuegbu, D. C. E. (1976). Black Jurors Personality Trait Attribution to a Rape Case Defendant. Social Behaviour and Personality, Vol. 4 (2), 193 -200.Sommers, S.R. Ellsworth, P.C. (2000). Race in the Courtroom Perception of Guilt and Dispositional Attributions. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Vol. 26 (11), 1367-1379Decaire, M.W. (1999). The Faltering Common Law Jury System A Psychological Perspective. Retrieved January 3, 2010 from httpwww.suite101.com/article.cfm/forensic_psychology.18339/3

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Using A Pointer Computer Science Essay

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Using A Pointer Computer Science EssayWrite advantages and disadvantages of using arrow. How the concept of cursors is useful in the executing of entropy structures?A pointer in allows a hunt down or a weapons platform to access a variable outside the preview intimacy or a program ,using pointer program preempt access any entrepot location in the computers retentiveness.2)since using return statement a function can only pass back a single value to the calling function, pointers allows a function to pass back more than unitary value by writing them into retrospect locations that are hearty to calling function.3)Use of pointer increases makes the program execution of instrument faster4)using pointers, starts and structures can be progressled in more businesslike federal agency.5) without pointers it will be impossible to create complex data structures such as linked constitute , trees, and graphs.Disadvantages of pointers-1)we can ac cess the restricted storage area.2) Pointers require wiz additional dereference, meaning that the final formula must read the variables pointer from memory, then read the variable from the pointed-to memory. This is slower than reading the value forthwith from memory.3). If sufficient memory is not purchasable during runtime for the storage of pointers, the program may crashWhen setting updata ststructureslikelists,queuesand trees, it is necessary to keep pointers to help manage how the structure is put throughed and controlled.Pointers and Structures can be used to build data structures that expand and shrink during execution examples stack queues,trees etc.While pointer has been used to enclose the wrap up of a variable,it more properly applies to data structures whose interface explicitly allows the pointer to be manipulated as a memory address.Because pointers allow largely unprotected access to memory addresses.2). Elaborate the concept of fit(p) squeeze storage allo cation and Buddy schema in dynamic memory counsel.Sol.Fixed regular hexahedron storage allocation- This is the simplest storage maintenance method. Here distributively gag rule is of the same surface. The size is indomitable by the system manager. Here the memory manager maintain a pointer AVAIL which points a list of non contiguous memory blocks.A user program communicate with the memory manager by delegacy of two function GETNODE(NODE) and RETURNNODE(PTR).The procedure GETNODE is to get a memory block to store data of type NODE. This procedure when invoked by a program returns a pointer to initial block in the pool of restorage. The AVAIL then points to the next block.If avail= nought it indicates no more memory is available for allocation. Similarly whenever a memory block is no more essential it can be returned to the memory verify through a procedure RETURN NODE().Buddy system- It is the another storage management system which restricts the size of blocks to some located set of sizes. These blocks of restricted sizes are maintained in a linked list. Whenever a request for a block of size N comes, the number M the smallest of the fixed sizes but equal to or largest than N, is determined and a block of size M is allocated if available on the list. If not available then a larger block if available is split into two sub-blocks cognize a s buddies. Each of them are also of fixed sizes and the process is repeated until a block of size M is produced. for example , if k=1 and Fo=8, then the block sizes are 8,16,32,64,128,. THAT is ,the block sizes are successive powers of 2 and the buddy system based on such fixed sizes is called binary buddy system.3.)Differentiate between static memory allocation and dynamic memory allocation. Illustrate various memory management functionsSol.In case of static storage management scheme , the net amount of memory required for various data for a program is allocated before the start of the execution of a program once memory is allocated, it neither can be extended nor can be returned to the memory bank for the use of other programs at the same time. On the other hand dynamic storage management schemes allows user to allocate and deallocate as per necessity during the execution of programs.The static storage allocation is easy to implement and efficient from execution point of view .Here all variables those are required for a program is allocated during stash time this is why static storage allocation is a compile time phenomena. In this each subprogram/subroutine of a program is compiled separately and the space required for them is reserved till the execution of the program. On the other hand dynamic memory allocation , space for memory variables is allocated dynamically that is as per the current demand during the execution. When a subprogram is invoked space for it is allocated and space is returned when the subprogram completes its execution. Thus , the space required to run a program is not fixed as in static allocation, rather it varies as program execute.Various memory management functions-1)malloc()-The malloc function dynamically allocates memory from heap.The prototype for malloc() function is discharge *malloc(size_t size)2)calloc()- The calloc() function dynamically allocates memory automatically initializes the memory to zeroes. The prototype for calloc() function isVoid *calloc(size_t nitems , size_t size)It takes two arguments . The get-go argument is the number of instalments and the second argument is the size of each agent.3) realloc()- The realloc() function changes the size of previously dynamically allocated memory with malloc(), calloc(), realloc() functions.The prototype for realloc() function isVoid *realloc(void *block, size_t size)It takes two argument . the first argument is the pointer to the master copy object and the second argument is the new size of the object.4.)Write different ways to manage records in memorySol.) Since records may contain non homogeneous data, the elements of a record cannot be stored in an array . Some programing languages such as PASCAL and COBOL do have record structures built into the language.Suppose a programming language does not have available the hierarchical structures that are available in PASCAL and COBOL . presume the record contains non homogeneous data , the record may have to be stored in individual variables , one for each of its elementary data items. On the other hand one wants to store an entire rouse of records, such a file may be stored in memory as a sight of arrays that is, where elements in different arrays with the same subscript belonging to the same record.Part-B1.)Illustrate the use of array of pointers and pointers to an arraySol.)An array of pointers is that for eg if we have array of 10 int pointers ie int *a10 then each element that which is stored in array are pointed by pointers. here we will have ten pointers. In pointer to an array for eg int(*a)1 0 here all the elements that is all the ten elements are pointed by a single pointer.int *a10-array of pointers.consider one array int b10=1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,0soelements will be stored in addresses .now this address arestored in array of pointers.thatsint *a10=b+0,b+1,b+2,b+3,b+4,b+5,b+6,b+7,b+8,b+9means a+0=address of value 1 is the first element of int*a(first element of int b10)and so on. plot int(*a)10-here a is an pointer to an array containing 10integers.suppose int b10then a=b10this will give element of int b10 array thats b0and so on but in case of two dimensional array first we have to allocate base address of respective one dimensional array and base address of element of one dimensional array then only we can use pointer to an array. discover example to show the use of furthest pointer and interruption pointer problemsSol.)A far pointer uses both the segment and the offset address to point to a location in memory The far pointer can point to any location in memory. . Far pointers have a size of 4 bytes . They store both the segment and the offset of the address the pointer is referencing. A far pointer has an address range of 0 1M bytes. A far pointer can be incremented and or decremented completely the offset of the pointer is actually incremented or decremented. The segment is never incremented by the arithmetic operators.On the other hand Dangling pointers are the pointers that do not point tao a valid object of the appropriate type. These pointers bob up when an object is deleted or deallocated,without modifting the value of the pointer so that pointer stll points to the memory location of deallocated memory .As the system may reallocate the previously freed memory to another process ,if the original program then derefrences the dangling pointer,results in bugs or errors as the memory may contain completely different data.Consider the undermentioned examplechar *cp = NULLchar ccp = &c /* cp is now a dangling pointer */Solution to dangling po interchar *cp = malloc ( A_CONST )free ( cp ) /* cp now becomes a dangling pointer */cp = NULL /* cp is no longer dangling */Differentiate between linked list and arrays in terms of representations, trave and essaying.Sol.)1)In case of array traversing is used visiting all elements in an array while to traverse a single linked list we mean to visit every node in the list starting from first node to last node.2).Searching operation in an array is applied to search an element amour in an array.It is a process of finding the location of given element in an array.The search is state to be successful if the given element is found.there are two types of search operation Linear searchBinary searchIf the array elements are in random order then one have to use linear search technique and if the array elements are sorted then it is preferable to strike binary search technique.While in case of linked list only linear searching is possible.This is one of the limitation of linked lists as th ere is no way to find the location of the middle element of the list.can we perform binary search in linked list ,if no then ornament the reason.Sol.)No, we cannot perform binary search in linked list because there is no wayOf index the middle element in the list. With a sorted linear array we can apply a binary search whose running time is proportional to log2n. On the other hand a binary search algorithm cannot be applied to a sorted linked list, since there is no way of indexing the middle element in the list. This property is one of the main drawbacks in using a linked list as a data structure.

Calibration and Preventive Maintenance Program

standardisation and duty tour alimony ProgramRegulations of the regulatory authorities the likes of FDA and EU require that any the firms have platform for standardisation and healthful maintenance for test as well as measurement equipments. noise maintenance program is adept of the around importance perspectives for GMP inspection as it ensures the efficient GMP operations. Any equipments each it is automatic or manually operated pass on perform its functions appropriately and argon employ for manufacturing, do working, packaging, labeling or holding of drug crossways it is mandatory that it exit be timely calibrated, inspected and checked for mistakes according to the written program which is specially intentional to assure the best performance of the equipments. This theme mainly discusses the importance of the normalisation and Preventive living program for any industry because it is very central for any firm that the equipments produce the mathematica l products having its mold specification.IntroductionDefinition of normalisation It is a set of operation that performs under specific conditions to verify the determine/data obtained by comparison of two factors or measuring devices champion of which is a standard of known accuracy (Traceable to national standards). It is utilize to detect, correlate, embrace or eliminate any of the discrepancy in accuracy of instruments or measuring devices when being comp bed to the standard. 1Calibration is one type of comparison entirely it is not an trying ons.Definition of Preventive Maintenance It is a c ar or service provided by individualnel to maintain the equipment or facility in satisfactorily working conditions by providing inspections, detection and reclaimion of failures shorter they occur. essentially they atomic number 18 conducted to keep the instrument in working conditions and to extend the flavour of the instrument.2Background InformationToday green goddesss of equipment and measuring dusts ar use in pharmaceutical industry. During pharmaceutical manufacturing operations, these equipments are used to control and show the GMP process parameters because these parameters are mandatory to fulfill the quality requirements of the discovericular process as well as product. As I earlier mentioned that normalization is just a comparison and to document the record of differences when standardisation is performed in the midst of the actual equipment and the standard equipment. But it is mandatory to calibrate the equipments timely to annoy the best results and minimizations of errors.For PM, its one type of maintenance of measuring frame or equipments before any error give occur. Basically PM is divided up into two subparts. (1) Planned PM and (2) condition based. The detect difference between these two subparts is time indispensable for maintenance. The essays which are involved during performing PM are human errors and product failu re. Preventive Maintenance is performed by repairing the equipments or by the replacing the unfit part of the equipment before any error or product failure will occur. 1Main advantages of PM are improvement in the dependableness of administration, decrease in replacement comprise and time, and inventory focal point system is also improved.Requirements of Regulatory AuthoritiesCalibration program is required by the regulatory authority (FDA) under incision 21 CFR part 211.68 and Preventive maintenance and normalization program is required by FDA under section 21 CFR part 211.67.Calibration requirements for research laboratory instruments under section 21 CFR part 211.67 are specific directions, schedule, dividing line of accuracy and precision remedial action and system to prevent usance of instrument which are failed to calibrate. 2Requirements for manufacturing nationFDA requires that each manufacturing area of the facility has written normalisation and written preventive maintenance influences. They moldinessiness have fit personnel to calibrate and maintain the equipments which are again rechecked by other(a) qualified person. They must have one representative to monitor the normalization and PM program. And finally the whole process of normalization and PM is reviewed and approve in the terms of quality.Requirements for equipment master list 1In any manufacturing area or any laboratory, lots of instruments are used thats why FDA requires that at that place should be a system in facility that rump delineate the instruments which are related to GMP. For realisation purpose it must have back-to-back no. model no. and location but if the instruments are bring in by configuration then this information is not mandatory. And there should be a written procedure that area used to determine whether standardization and PM is required for particular instrumentation or not.Instrument credit and calibration status1Initial stair for the calibrati on PM program is to cite the instrument. Instruments are identified and characterize in the terms of criticality. Some instruments are critical and some are non critical. Some instruments have effects on environment so identified as environmental critical instrument. In the same way some has direct impact on product quality known as GMP critical instruments. Step by footstep process to identify an instrument and calibration status isEach instrument is given unique identification number.Details for instrument (model no, serial no, location) are available and documentedEvery instrument is labeled with its unique identification number.Calibration history (calibration status, period of calibration, date for next calibration, details of person who is performing calibration)Use of calibration logs, calibration sticker and MAXIMO to document calibration status.There should be a system which prevent the use of non-qualified instruments, alter instruments and non-calibrated and those wh o expired the calibration period to minimize the errors. also some instruments do not require calibration or factory calibrated for authoritative period of time so there should be a system to identify those instruments.Traceability of standards and calibration gross profit marginReference equipment or calibration equipment which is used as standard should be traceable to national standard. In the absence of recognized standards, an independent reproducible standard female genital organ be used. The valuation reserve of the reference standard is higher than the other equipment which is going to be calibrated. And there should be a system available to monitor the expiration date of reference standard and other re-certification requirements. Two types of tolerance level in calibration (1) rattling level Up to this level the instrument can be adjust to its required range.(2) Action level Its known as out of tolerance limit. At this level investigation is required for because we monger make any adjustment at this level. If tolerance is between the Alert and Action level than thats fine and investigation is not required. 1.67. Calibration and Maintenance FrequencyAfter consideration of traceability of reference standard and calibration tolerance, the social occasion we direct to know is frequency of calibration and maintenance because some instruments need frequent calibration. Basically the frequency of calibration depends on the type and nature of instruments. Some important criteria which we can take in the consideration during count of frequency of calibration and maintenance are listed below.Manufacturers recommendations and process requirementsEnvironmental conditions like temp, pressure, humidity and vibration.History of calibration and history of repair.8. Calibration and maintenance procedure (SOP)There should be a documented SOP for conducting the calibration and preventive maintenance for each type of instrumentation. Most of the time during c alibration, measurement of errors is found exceeded to its limit by one or more designated point as it was shown in figure 1 as As found and secondly calibration is carried out to verify its predetermined tolerance limit which is shown in the figure 1 as As left. The SOP for calibration must includes accuracy and precision limits and what are the remedial actions should be taken if this limits do not meet with each other. There should be an permit department to perform and monitor calibration and maintenance. The SOP must contain the step by step calibration instructions, instrumentation manual, proper calibration procedures, nutriment for adjustments, provisions for record and document the actual measurement reading before and after doing adjustment.Record/Documentation for calibration and maintenanceDocumentation for calibration and PM is very important as from this historical data we are able to minimize errors for future perspective. Actual measurements and the data obtaine d after adjustment are recorded as shown in the Figure 1. Documentation must includes the tolerance limit, wide-eyed details of the reference standard used and realised details of the person who did the calibration. All these documentations are reviewed periodically by authorized person to make the adjustment in the frequency of calibration when recalibration of the instruments will be carried out in future.Today most of the pharmaceutical companies are using computerized calibration management system to plan and record the calibration activities in their firm. Computerized system is more convenient and efficient than the traditional paper work. You can save the data for longer time. At the beginning, the computerized system is not popular much but after the introduction of 21 CFR part 11 electronic records and electronic signature, most of the organizations adopted it.Out of tolerance (OOT) calibration resultWhen we found that the particular instrument is outside of its predeter mined calibration limits which is also known as Action limit or OOT. If we found OOT calibration result, first scenario is to take disciplinal actions as soon as possible. We can take corrective actions like repair, re-calibration, and replacement of defective part or permanent removal of instrument if the errors cannot be reverse by above actions. Firm can issue OOT notification to the vender and the notification must includes current calibration data, severity of OOT error and full details of last successful calibration. It is mandatory that QA department immediately tick the production for a while till the issue is solved. Here the fibre of PM is important as it will stop the reoccurrence of the error. As OOT results exceedingly impact on the quality of the product and also responsible for plenteousness failure, it is mandatory to find out the root cause for the occurrence of these errors. At least it will help us to prevent the re-occurrence of particular error. deviate c ontrol management and CAPA approachUnder change control management program, we are able to make changes in calibration tolerance, frequency and procedure. Also we can add another new program to avoid errors or permanent removal of current program to avoid inconvenience. Change in the environment or change in the location is also dissolver suggested by this program. Each and each step should be documented properly. This program also suggests revalidation, re-execution and revision of IQ, OQ and PQ of the instruments. Timely revision, periodic review and approval by authorized person at every stage are the key points of this program.CAPA stands for corrective actions and Preventive actions. CAPA is an important analytical tool to solve lot of issues. CAPA is a concept of Good Manufacturing practice (GMP). CAPA mainly concentrate on the systematic investigation of the failures and deviations occurred during process to prevent their reoccurrence in the terms of corrective actions and also prevent from reoccurrence in terms of preventive action. 5 CAPA ensures that the corrective actions and Preventive actions that are under taken to prevent failure are highly effective and reliable. CAPA is an important tool of the overall Quality Management agreement (QMS). If any company wants to have best quality management system in their firm, they should implement CAPA to their firm. CAPA ensures the best quality products with the lower cost and little time.Software used for calibration and PMLots of packets are used for calibration and PM at industrial scale. This computerized system has more aptitude and guaranteed the best results.Calibration packageQuality Calibration Management system (QCMS) is arrest instrument and designed according to the requirements of 21 CFR part 11. This software ensures regulatory compliance and also traceability. It will help to improve the reliability of plant and optimize the administrative costs. It will help to increase in the produ ctivity as well as efficiency.12.2 Preventive maintenance softwareRCM turbo is very popular PM software. Traditional approach took years to complete just one PM but by using this RCM turbo, anyone can quickly go for PM. This software directs us through EMEA process. But the issue is it will go through quickly and efficiently. It is 100 % reliable and will allow you do risk assessmentConclusionIn conclusion, I would like to say that calibration and preventive maintenance are very important aspects of any instrument. To get the best results with the instruments, it is mandatory to inspect and calibrate the instruments periodically as it is also required by regulatory authorities. Preventive maintenance definitely improves the life of the instruments but timely implementation of PM is very important. Non-calibrated instruments and lack of PM has directly impact on the product quality, so it required that every manufacturing area in the firm has proper program for validation and PM. We cant neglect the importance of PM because it will prevent the re-occurrence of errors. SOP for calibration and PM is also valuable aspect as it will help to record data, minimize the severity of risk and provides step by step procedure to follow. CAPA approach is one of the most important quality management tools as it will help to correct the errors and to prevent the re-occurrence of errors by preventive actions. Implementation of CAPA tool in calibration will definitely good for instruments. Revision of 21CFR part 11 strongly suggests adopting computerized software system to every firm because of its convenience and efficiency. Softwares used for calibration and PM as I discussed in the paper like QCMS and QMS turbo and so forth are 100 % reliable, so I would like to suggest every firm to adopt this computerized software system for their calibration and PM program.