Industry Forces and the Generic Strategies

Industry Forces and the Generic Strategies Part 2 2.0 Literature Review In this part, the creator will audit the writing concerning Michael Porters Five Competitive Industry Forces and the Generic Strategies. This investigation focuses on the lodging business and attracts equals to considers done by others. The creator will basically assess the qualities and shortcomings of the model. 2.1 Background Various examinations have been done the world over to create and advertise lodging ventures appropriate for various segment portions. The examinations on the Sri Lankan lodging market are for the most part strategy papers/reports, leaving a void with respect to considers relating to showcase procedures and rivalry. Nations like Singapore and Malaysia have all around organized systems bringing about a dynamic lodging market accessible to this exploration will concentrate on drawing matches regarding this matter. (Jones Lang LaSalle, Research Report). The California State has utilized Porters Five Forces Model to comprehend the industrys appeal and intensity. The primary pattern is by all accounts the expanding contention among firms and the combination of capital in the business (William, Mack, 2005). The creator means to attract equals to the Sri Lankan setting. The writing on increasing upper hand at specialty unit level has been becoming throughout the years and the writer has endeavored to relate scholastic hypothesis and the devices and ideas of Porters Five Competitive Forces and the Generic Strategies to finding a triumphant market system for the lodging business in Sri Lanka. In spite of the fact that in the worldwide field the above models have been utilized broadly in research on lodging industry, no such work exists on Sri Lanka. 2.3 Michael Porters Five Forces Model The Five Competitive Forces and the Generic Strategies model was created by Michael E. Doorman in his book ‘Competitive Strategy: Techniques for Analyzing Industries and Competitors in 1980. From that point forward it has become a significant device for dissecting an associations structure and key procedures. Watchmen models depend on the requirement for a corporate procedure to meet the chances and dangers in the associations outer condition. Serious methodology ought to be founded on a comprehension of industry structures and the manner in which they change (Porter, 1980). A definitive point of a serious methodology is to empower a business to guard against serious powers or in the elective impact such powers in support of its. The key is to go underneath the surface and investigate the assets of every contender. Investigation of such fundamental powers will show the basic quality of firms and explain territories that return more noteworthy benefits and feature regions that show guarantee of either openings or dangers (Porter, 1980). As clarified in Figure 3, Porter has recognized five serious powers that shape each industry and market, which decide the force of rivalry and the gainfulness and engaging quality of an industry (Porter, Michael. E, 1979: 137-145). The creator will utilize the model to manage the issues beneath to build up a triumphant market system for the lodging industry in Sri Lanka. (I) The need to assess the providers to comprehend dealing force and provider/merchant coordinated effort. (ii) The need to contemplate the weights of purchasers bartering force and purchaser/merchant cooperation. (iii) The need to consider the danger of new contestants and the conceivable outcomes of new players entering the market. (iv) The consciousness of the danger of substitutes and thoughtfulness regarding endeavors by pariahs to prevail upon purchasers to their individual items. (v) Investigating the intensity inside the business to stay up to date with advertise position, expanded deals and piece of the overall industry, to have a serious edge over opponents. An exemplary case of serious competition is the fight between Coca Cola and Pepsi (Draft, 1988: 251). To comprehend the qualities and shortcoming of the model every one of these industry powers must be assessed. 2.3.1 Bargaining Power of Suppliers Provider haggling power is probably going to be high when the market is ruled by a couple of huge providers, when there are no substitutes for their item, the providers and clients are divided and client dealing power is low and changing expenses starting with one provider then onto the next are high (Porter, 1980). The provider coordinating forward to get more significant expenses and edges is a chance. This danger is particularly high when, the purchasing business has a higher benefit than the providing business, forward mix gives economies of scale to the provider, the purchasing business impedes the providing business in their turn of events, for instance, hesitance to acknowledge new arrivals of items and the purchasing business has low boundaries of section. In such circumstances, the purchasing business regularly encounters high weight on edges from their providers. The relationship to incredible providers can conceivably decrease key choices for the association. 2.3.2 Bargaining Power of Customers Thus, the dealing intensity of clients decides how much clients can force pressure on edges and volumes. Clients dealing power is probably going to be high when they purchase huge volumes and there is a grouping of purchasers, the providing business includes an enormous number of little administrators, the providing business works with high fixed costs, the item is undifferentiated and can be supplanted by substitutes, changing to an elective item is moderately basic and isn't exorbitant, clients have low edges and are value touchy, clients could deliver the item themselves, the item isn't of vital significance to the client, the client thinks about creation costs and the chance of the client incorporating in reverse. 2.3.3 Threat of New Entrants At the point when the opposition in an industry is high it is simpler for different organizations to enter the business. In such circumstances, new contestants could change significant determinants of the market condition (for example pieces of the pie, costs, client unwaveringness) whenever. There is consistently a dormant weight for response and change for existing players. The danger of new contestants will rely upon the degree to which there are obstructions to section. These are commonly economies of scale, high introductory speculations and fixed expenses. Cost favorable circumstances of existing players are for the most part because of the experience bend impacts of activity with completely devalued resources, brand faithfulness of clients, secured protected innovation like licenses, licenses and so forth., shortage of significant assets, for example qualified master staff, access to crude materials constrained by existing players, appropriation channels are constrained by existing players existing players have close client relations, for example from long haul administration contracts and the high exchanging costs for clients, enactment and government activity. 2.3.4 Threat of Substitutes Dangers from substitutes exists if there are elective items with lower costs and better execution boundaries which can conceivably pull in a noteworthy extent of the market, along these lines diminishing potential deals volume for existing players. This class likewise identifies with corresponding items. Like the danger of new contestants, the danger of substitutes is controlled by factors like brand unwaveringness of clients, close client connections, exchanging costs for clients, the relative cost for execution of substitutes and the current patterns. 2.3.5 Competitive Rivalry between Existing Players This power portrays the force of rivalry between existing players in an industry. High serious weight, brings about weight on costs, edges and subsequently on benefit of each and every player. Rivalry between existing players is probably going to be high when, there are numerous players of about a similar size with comparative techniques, there isn't a lot of separation among players and their items bringing about significant expense rivalry, advertise development pace of a player is conceivable just to the detriment of a contender and the obstructions for exit are high. 2.4 Five Forces Analysis The Five Forces Analysis can give significant data to three parts of corporate arranging portrayed underneath. 2.4.1 Statistic Analysis The Five Forces Analysis empowers deciding the appeal of an industry. It gives bits of knowledge on benefit. In this way, it underpins choices about section to or exit from an industry or a market fragment. Also, the model can be utilized to analyze the effect of serious powers on ones own association against that on contenders. Contenders may have various alternatives to respond to changes in serious powers from their various assets and capabilities. This may impact the structure of the entire business. 2.4.2 Dynamical Analysis In blend with a PEST Analysis, which uncovers drivers for change in an industry, Five Forces Analysis can uncover bits of knowledge into the expected future engaging quality of the business. Anticipated political, efficient, socio-demographical and mechanical changes can impact the five serious powers and in this manner have sway on industry structures. 2.4.3 Analysis of Options With the information about force and intensity of serious powers, associations can create choices to impact them in a manner that improves their own seriousness. The outcome could be another vital heading, for instance, another situating and separation for serious items and key organizations. Consequently, the model permits an orderly and organized investigation of market structure and serious circumstance and can be applied to specific organizations, showcase sections, businesses or locales. 2.4.4 Influence of Five Forces After the examination of ebb and flow and possible future condition of the five serious powers, supervisors can look for alternatives to impact these powers to their greatest advantage. Despite the fact that industry-explicit plans of action w

The History of Italian Mafia Annotated Bibliography

The History of Italian Mafia - Annotated Bibliography Example The History of Italian Mafia Pickering-lazzi, Robin â€Å"Mafia and bandit stories from Italian life and literature† Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2007. This is an assortment of writing by most noteworthy figures in the Italian writing field, a portion of the prestigious authors that have been remembered for the book are Livia De Stefani, Grazia Dekedda, Anna Maria Ortese, Silvana La Spina and Giovanni, Verga. The book likewise presents a portion of the acclaimed observers who have had direct involvement in the Italian Mafia in assisting with giving the gatherings beginning, development and exercises. The book gives an outline of the Italian points of view on the Mafia and wrongdoing covering the 1880’s and 1990’s. It covers parts of the legends of Italian Mafia’s that recognizes them as a gathering, the connection between the Mafia and the State, youngsters, ladies, the Catholic Church, unified powers during the Second World War among others. The creator diagrams key period since the beginning of the criminal gathering adopting an interesting strategy to the subject. He likewise focuses why it has been a test for the specialists to clear out this type of composed wrongdoing, one reason brought up in the book are the elevated level of mystery that exists inside the Mafia individuals. It likewise represents on how the Italian Mafia flourish and create within the sight of a frail and non popularity based government.

Help With Writing Your Essay

Help With Writing Your EssayMany times when a student struggles to write their essays it is because they need help. As a student I have worked with students who were so behind that they were making a complete fool of themselves in class. As a writer, you are probably not used to struggling so hard with your essay, but it is very possible.You have a natural tendency to believe that you can write your essay. The problem is that you may be so busy going through your notes or sending emails on the deadline that you may not be able to continue to write the way you should. If you don't know how to make that small adjustment in the process then you are likely to have to take even more time to get it done.You don't want to be left in a rut. Students struggle to write because they have a desire to be perfect, and think they need to do it all right to get better grades. It is important to remember that you will not get better grades if you don't write. Many students think that if they write we ll enough then they will be able to catch up.If you need help writing your essay, you need to start from scratch. This means that you will have to write your essay on your own. When you look at it this way you may be tempted to say that you would like to hire someone to write it for you, but if you try to write your essay on your own you will find that the time you spend trying to be perfect is money you could have been using for something else.Self-motivation is crucial to your success as a writer. I find that it is best to do whatever I can to write my essay by myself. My ability to keep working and going is due to the fact that I have given myself a daily task that I need to work on each day. You can learn to use self-motivation to help you do just that. Take the time each day to write your essay. It is best to spend at least half an hour each day writing your essay.After awhile you will be able to pick up the pace. Spend as much time as you need to write the essay and don't try to rush through it. This will make it easier for you to not only write your essay but to write it well.This method of writing is very powerful. When you practice it you will find that your writing power will increase. As a writer you want to get better and more confident, and the quickest way to get there is to learn to write your essay on your own.

What HeLa Cells Are and Why They Are Important

HeLa cells are the first immortal human cell line. The cell line grew from a sample of cervical cancer cells taken from an African-American woman named Henrietta Lacks on February 8, 1951. The lab assistant responsible for the samples named cultures based on the first two letters of a patients first and last name, thus the culture was dubbed HeLa. In 1953, Theodore Puck and Philip Marcus cloned HeLa (the first human cells to be cloned) and freely donated samples to other researchers. The cell lines initial use was in cancer research, but  HeLa cells have led to numerous medical breakthroughs and nearly 11,000 patents. Key Takeaways: HeLa Cells HeLa cells are the first immortal human cell line.The cells came from a cervical cancer sample obtained from Henrietta Lack in 1951, without her knowledge or permission.HeLa cells have led to many important scientific discoveries, yet there are disadvantages to working with them.HeLa cells have led to the examination of the ethical considerations of working with human cells. What It Means to Be Immortal Normally, human cell cultures die within a few days after a set number of cell divisions via a process called senescence. This presents a problem for researchers because experiments using normal cells cannot be repeated on identical cells (clones), nor can the same cells be used for extended study. Cell biologist George Otto Gey took one cell from Henrietta Lacks sample, allowed that cell to divide, and found the culture survived indefinitely if given nutrients and a suitable environment. The original cells continued to mutate. Now, there are many strains of HeLa, all derived from the same single cell. Researchers believe the reason HeLa cells dont suffer programmed death is because they maintain a version of the enzyme telomerase that prevents gradual shortening of the telomeres of chromosomes. Telomere shortening is implicated in aging and death. Notable Achievements Using HeLa Cells HeLa cells have been used to test the effects of radiation, cosmetics, toxins, and other chemicals on human cells. They have been instrumental in gene mapping and studying human diseases, especially cancer. However, the most significant application of HeLa cells may have been in the development of the first polio vaccine. HeLa cells were used to maintain a culture of polio virus in human cells. In 1952, Jonas Salk tested his polio vaccine on these cells and used them to mass-produce it. Disadvantages of Using HeLa Cells While the HeLa cell line has led to amazing scientific breakthroughs, the cells can also cause problems. The most significant issue with HeLa cells is how aggressively they can contaminate other cell cultures in a laboratory. Scientists dont routinely test the purity of their cell lines, so HeLa had contaminated many in vitro lines (estimated 10 to 20 percent) before the problem was identified. Much of the research conducted on contaminated cell lines had to be thrown out. Some scientists refuse to allow HeLa in their labs in order to control the risk. Another problem with HeLa is that it doesnt have a normal human karyotype (the number and appearance of chromosomes in a cell). Henrietta Lacks (and other humans) have 46 chromosomes (diploid or a set of 23 pairs), while the HeLa genome consists of 76 to 80 chromosome (hypertriploid, including 22 to 25 abnormal chromosomes). The extra chromosomes came from the infection by human papilloma virus that led to cancer. While HeLa cells resemble normal human cells in many ways, they are neither normal nor entirely human. Thus, there are limitations to their use. Issues of Consent and Privacy The birth of the new field of biotechnology introduced ethical considerations. Some modern laws and policies arose from ongoing  issues surrounding HeLa cells. As was the norm at the time, Henrietta Lacks was not informed her cancer cells were going to be used for research. Years after the HeLa line had become popular, scientists took samples from other members of the Lacks family, but they did not explain the reason for the tests. In the 1970s, the Lacks family was contacted as scientists sought to understand the reason for the aggressive nature of the cells. They finally knew about HeLa. Yet, in 2013, German scientists mapped the entire HeLa genome and made it public, without consulting the Lacks family. Informing a patient or relatives about the use of samples obtained via medical procedures was not required in 1951, nor is it required today. The 1990 Supreme Court of California case of Moore v. Regents of the University of California ruled a persons cells are not his or her property and may be commercialized. Yet, the Lacks family did reach an agreement with the National Institutes of Health (NIH) regarding access to the HeLa genome. Researchers receiving funds from the NIH must apply for access to the data. Other researchers are not restricted, so data about the Lacks genetic code is not completely private. While human tissue samples continue to be stored, specimens are now identified by an anonymous code. Scientists and legislators continue to wrangle with questions of security and privacy, as genetic markers may lead to clues about an involuntary donors identity. References and Suggested Reading Capes-Davis A, Theodosopoulos G, Atkin I, Drexler HG, Kohara A, MacLeod RA, Masters JR, Nakamura Y, Reid YA, Reddel RR, Freshney RI (2010). Check your cultures! A list of cross-contaminated or misidentified cell lines.  Int. J. Cancer.  127  (1): 1–8.Masters, John R. (2002). HeLa cells 50  years on: The good, the bad and the ugly.  Nature Reviews Cancer.  2  (4): 315–319.Scherer, William F.; Syverton, Jerome T.; Gey, George O. (1953). Studies on the Propagation in Vitro of Poliomyelitis Viruses. J Exp Med (published May 1, 1953). 97 (5): 695–710.Skloot, Rebecca (2010). The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks. New York: Crown/Random House.Turner, Timothy (2012). Development of the Polio Vaccine: A Historical Perspective of Tuskegee Universitys Role in Mass Production and Distribution of HeLa Cells.  Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved.  23  (4a): 5–10.

The Fundamental Roles Of Leadership And Organizational Change

The fundamental roles of leadership are to affect change and to enhance their follower decision and actions. According to Northouse (2013) leadership is defined as a process where an individual influence a group of individuals to achieve a common goal (p.5). Within my organization, my leadership approaches are prevalent to the mission, vision, and goals for the Los Angeles County, Child Support Services Department. In particular, my leadership role consists of supporting and achieving consensuses with the child support community. The decision I make on a daily basis should display positive leadership traits and characteristics, which includes understanding, identify and enhancing organizational effectiveness. For the purpose of this paper, I will synthesize, evaluate, and apply concepts theories and strategies relation to leadership and organizational change. 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TheRead MoreOrganizational Change And Development Has A Large Impact On The Success Of An Organiza tion1484 Words   |  6 PagesOrganizational change and development has a large impact on the success of an organization. â€Å"As modern organizations pursue changes to enhance their competitive positions and their survivability in competitive markets, the successful implementation of organizational change has become an important management task† (Chou, 2014, p. 49). The success of a change initiative in an organization is affected by several variables, however, there are three that might be considered paramount; communication, leadership

The Heroic Significance of Christ in The Dream of the Rood...

The Heroic Significance of Christ in The Dream of the Rood Incorporating traditional Anglo Saxon beliefs of heroism with the image of Christ on the cross allows the poet of The Dream of the Rood to effectively communicate the benefits of Christianity to pagan warriors. By comparing characteristics, duties, and treatment of heroes in Beowulf and the Battle of Maldon to the depiction of Christ in The Dream of the Rood, it becomes evident that the image of Christ is altered to mirror that of heroic warriors. Through this melding of heroic beliefs and Christianity, the poet of Rood is able to show how Christ can become the ultimate ring giver or Lord. Dominant characteristics of heroes in Beowulf and The Battle of Maldon revolve†¦show more content†¦The Christ depicted in this passage willingly accepts his battle on the cross and because of this act the poet then goes on to describe Christ as a warrior, strong, and stouthearted. Christ is not portrayed as a meek and humble man resigned to his task as savior and lord. Within this portion of the text, he becomes a bold warrior climbing the cross as if going into battle. At the end of the poem, the narrator looks to Christ and the cross for protection. Furthermore, the primary duty of a hero is to provide his kinsmen with great treasure and weaponry. Beowulf fulfills this duty by stating Behold this treasure #8230; that I have been allowed to leave my people#8230; (Beowulf 91) to Wiglaf after defeating the dragon. The warriors in The Battle of Maldon describe their Lord and hero as a treasure-giver, and also a ring-giver. The warriors in both of these texts reflect on all that their lords or heroes provide for them. It is through this gratification for material wealth that kinsmen feel so indebted to fighting for their lord. Wiglaf illustrates this concept when he remembers the bountiful gifts bestowed upon him (Beowulf 88) and finds that he could not hold back (Beowulf 88) from his lords side. Christ also fulfills this duty of a hero by bestowing many wonderful gifts and treasures upon any man who will follow Him faithfully. The treasures described in the poemShow MoreRelatedAn Assortment Of Heroism : Sir Gawain And The Gre en Knight1171 Words   |  5 PagesSteven Brent Bunn ENG 261-02 3/21/2016 Research Project An Assortment of Heroism Theme is essential to any great work of literature, and while the following are certainly very different tales, Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, Beowulf and The Dream of the Rood each have particularly strong themes of heroism, though, they each have their own distinct idea of what heroism is, their own flavor one might say. It is partly because of their strong themes and ideas that they are still well-known and readRead MoreAnglo-Saxon Heroic Poetry5673 Words   |  23 Pagesthe Heroic, the sources of which are pre-Christian Germanic myth, history and custom; and the Christian. Heroic, or Epic Poetry belongs to one of these two types and refers to long narrative poems celebrating the great deeds of one or more legendary heroes, in a grand, ceremonious style. In its strict use by literary critics, the terms Heroic Poetry or Epic are applied to a work that meets the following criteria: such a poem must be related in an elevated style, and centered upon a heroic or quasi-divineRead M oreThe Importance Of Heroism In Beowulf1073 Words   |  5 Pagespagan story with Christian overlays or a Christian story with pagan overtones, and these stances have been debated upon for a very long time. Nonetheless, the fact that the writer tries to hide a religious culture underneath another holds great significance. Religion only influences Beowulf because of its importance, its symbolic essentiality and the writer’s aim to a pass a message, creating a grim picture through characterization to his audience. Religious beliefs like Paganism, Christianity, TotemicRead MoreThe King of Kings2050 Words   |  8 PagesIn the Bible, Jesus Christ, the embodiment of the Christian God is described as the â€Å"King of Kings†. Christians since before the dream of Constantine have believed God and Christ constitute a ruler of the universe. Anglo-Saxon society perceived the Christian God in the mold of the pre-Christian Germanic tradition of kingship. The Anglo-Saxon percepti on of God as a king in the Germanic tradition has tremendous significance on late Anglo-Saxon politics. The inclusion of the Christian deity in the leadership

Emily Dickinson Presents Suffering free essay sample

After great pain a formal feeling comes’ and ‘I felt a funeral in my brain’ and ‘There’s a certain slant of light’- Throughout Dickinson’s poem ‘After great pain a formal feeling comes’ she attempts to communicate to the reader the nature of the suffering she is encountering that comes ‘after great pain’. This first line is the only abstract statement throughout the poem, to express that this is obviously not a physical pain. She refers to the physical nerves in her body ‘sit ceremonious like tombs’ a comparison that symbolises the effects of this suffering, a tomb being associated with qualities related to the dead. These qualities are stillness and formality, which reflect the physical numbness she is experiencing as a consequence. This sense of numbness is confirmed throughout the poem when mechanical feet are described abstractly walking in a ‘wooden way’ to reflect that they now have no regard for where they land, while indicating that this path they take is conceptual as it is physical. This comparison between the physical and mental components of suffering is intertwined within Dickinson’s poem ‘I felt a funeral in my brain’ when her dramatization of mental anguish, leads to a metaphorical drop. This results in the narrator’s physical form ‘finished knowing’ and sinking into a protective numbness. This concept is also explored within ‘Theres a certain slant of slight’ which Dickenson used as a metaphor for tuberculosis, in a time in her life when many of the people surrounding her fell victim to the disease, meaning without todays knowledge of germ theory, it would result in death. Dickenson throughout the poem moves from descriptions of ‘cathedral tunes’ to ‘internal difference’ to form a contrast between the external and internal elements surrounding life. This is also to reflect the nature of the illness tuberculosis, in which there were no physical signs of pain but instead metaphorical scarring that changed the victim completely ‘internally’. Dickenson also explores the theme of suffering as being a complete state of mind throughout ‘After great pain a formal feeling comes’ a poem centred on the feelings within, while lacking persona or ritual seen in her other poems. She reflects this through her personification of various parts of the body such as the ‘nerves’ ‘heart’ and ‘feet’ a generalisation that allows the reader to assume this pain has to be internal and beyond her physical form. This theme is also within ‘I felt a funeral in my brain’ when Dickenson describes a ‘service and a ‘box’ to vaguely relate this pain to the actions performed at a funeral. However Dickenson uses the metaphor ‘creak across my soul’ which is not typically associated with this ceremony to reflect the internal trance like state the narrator has entered as a result of this pain. This then causes her to enter a place of ‘wrecked, solitary’ when a ‘plank in reason, broke’ which forces the narrator to become a lifeless form, incapable of perceiving the external factors surrounding her. Dickinson also presents the speaker being an object within ‘I Felt a funeral in my brain’ while portraying her as submissive to this form of suffering. This is evident when she recalls ‘then I heard them life a box, And creak across my soul’ to indicate a lack of control those surrounding the dying face when entering the numerous stages of suffering once the loved one has passed. This theme is also explored within ‘Theres a certain slant of light’ when Dickinson describes a ‘Heavenly hurt it gives us’ to suggest this affliction is in the form of a religious experience, that is being forced onto the narrator. This reflects Dickinson’s confusion over her transcendentalist views through her use of the word ‘light’ as a metaphor for tuberculosis, while appearing to blame God for this forceful suffering. In Dickinson’s poem ‘I felt a funeral in my brain’ the whole psychological drama is reflected in the form of a funeral service, however the cause of this intense suffering is never revealed throughout any of her poems. In the fourth stanza of this poem the phrase ‘breaking through’ is used to display mental phenomena, which usually refers to something becoming clear or the narrator may be gaining insight that was hidden to her in the past, which is the outcome of this suffering. The use of repetition when describing the ‘treading, treading’ of the mourners reinforces this idea, becoming a reflection of the self-turmoil the narrator experienced before reaching this understanding. However the coffin like ‘box’ described by Dickenson symbolises the death of rationality and the narrator entering a state close to madness. This loss of self typically comes when ones relationship with people and nature becomes broken, which could be the cause of Dickinson’s personal suffering. The poems regular rhythm and iambic meter being opposed by words such as ‘beating- beating’ also reinforce this idea, adding a rocking quality that could reflect the instability of the  narrator’s sanity. Throughout Dickinson’s poem ‘A certain slant of light’ she also fails to reveal the cause of this suffering consuming her, however she displays the main characteristic of this pain as being oppressive. Her use of words throughout such as ‘oppresses’ ‘weight’ and ‘hurt’ all display this aspect, while her description of the ‘weight of the cathedral tunes’ reflect that her state of mind is causing her to interpret even her external surroundings as oppressive. This communicates to the reader the possibility that this suffering may be Dickinson’s personal response to the realisation into the fact of death. This idea is reinforced in stanza four when she describes ‘Shadows hold their breath’ which is suggestive of the stillness associated with death, in a time when Dickinson’s life was centred on the threat of disease caused by the Tuberculosis epidemic that spread throughout Europe.